Hofstedes Cultural Theory Business Essay

Hofstedes Cultural Theory Business EssayMultinational companies ar approach with the ch all in allenge of developing their operations in a endlessly changing environment. In this way they ar placed in the fatality of aggrandiseing their businesses in foreign countries which brings several implications. In organizational full terms this inwardness that the companies, in order to be successful, will catch to go through with(predicate) a deep analysis to determine what their capabilities and weak beas ar. But non just this provide the outcome on whether to expand their business or not, this will be just the first stage of a real long journey of considering the processes that seduce value and how the comparisontnership integrates these processes in order to succeed in a foreign market.The main source of multinational companies to expand in the foreign markets is to avoid the saturation designate or to development the product life cycle. Any company which tends to widen or globalize, has to move into a foreign market and make a set up in that acres. Today when the world is getting little and all the nations ar getting close to each opposite it is very important for every growing organization to eye the foreign markets and increase its exporting and importing capabilities.But chores occur when these multinational firms start in operation(p) in different countries and ar surrounded by go of issues which create obstacles in their progress. Then let it be the government rules and regulations, the finish of that country or the growing environment. Different countries have different approaches towards the business world and companies should break down intensively about the infrastructure of a country sooner entering that market. Especially some nations like India or Pakistan atomic number 18 super heathenly influenced, so there has to be a wise insurance policy before making a move.Different markets have different necessitat e in terms of rules, nuance and environment. When companies go global, the governing personals have to be very adaptable in order to cooperate wholesome with the aboriginal heap or the native market. Mostly multinational companies consider it to be the roughly crucial step which leads them to find out the culture of the country so that they deploy suitable products and well trained personals. Companies set up look and development offices in these markets initially before entering those countries or markets to study the market and the demand and most important the culture of the culture of the masses there. Example Wal-Mart, the giant retailer wants to enter the emerging countries India is one of the biggest consumer base emerging markets of the world, Wal-Mart has set up look into and development offices in Bangalore, India. So they atomic number 18 studying the working environment and the culture of the market in India so as to make a perfect entry schema. IKEA, a giant furniture retailer has a keen eye on entering the Indian market that has fai direct as the there is a restriction on the foreign direct investment in India, it only al natural depressions a 51% ownership but IKEA wants a 100% ownership, so there ar hindrances for IKEA. Different markets and countries have different approaches.When companies intend to expand their operations into a broader scale many difficulties arise, not only because this deal be caused by a badly inventned entry strategy but also in terms of integration of their internal systems that the company has in order to function adequately and muchover to get well with all together a different culture, stack and their taste and demands.The complexities of the issues faced by the companies need to be addressed so that the impact at heart the organisation is minimised. However the organisations need to be sensitive with their environment in a way that their strategic behaviour finds a harmonizing point surrounded b y the local and the international environment and the organisation itself. The particular issues between the jump cultural management and personal administration is that is has been building up on its importance since multinational companies are bound to face different issues as they operate in foreign markets.LITERATURE REVIEWOrganizations function diversely in different countries. They prepare policies for every country in which they plan to expand their business. IHRM (international human resource management) should be steadfast enough in order to serving organization in achieving success on unknown land. IHRM have to gather and take care cultural information on broader spot because foreign norm are different from ones own. In terms of cultural analysis, there are two main studies that can be referred as relevant in knowing culture environment of other country. beginning(a) is Hofstede (2001) tells about the cultural differences through a deep evaluation of amicable and cultural holdings. The focus on the social aspects considers valuable information on various topics, such as Collectivism and Individualism considering the data pile up from all countries. In the like way this study is also orient in an international balance to evaluate the cultural aspects that might have an impact on the organization and its well-functioning. On the other hand the study of Trompenaars et al (1997) focuses not only on a much descriptive analysis of what are the cultural elements in societies but also tie in these cultural aspects to the business environments providing awareness on how to deal with inter cultural communication in business relation.HOFSTEDES ethnic THEORYUndoubtedly, the most evidentiary cross-cultural study of work -related values is the one carried out by Hofstedes- Bhagat and Mcquaid (1982).3 October 1928, Gerard Hendrik Hofstede was born. He was a student of national and organizational cultures. He was an author of many cultural books. Ho fstede effort commenced in 1980 ,which was a commodious success because his research introduced when there was less internationalization among nations due to problem of understanding culture differences. His research had 116,000 questionnaires taken by 60,000 plurality or so 50 nations. From his research he provided four dimensions (Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Uncertainty escape and Masculinity/Femininity) .Fifth dimension (Long/Short term orientation) was added after a strong study by Hofstede and Bond (Hofstede 1991b Hofstede and Bond 1984 Hofstede and Bond 1988).HOFSTEDES FIVE ethnical DIMENSIONSa) POWER DISTANCE INDEX (PDI)PD can be delineate as a difference between nations on the bases of hierarchy and consanguinitys. Nations who are falling high on violence distance scale hail hierarchy way in there organization. Staff has to wait for a green repoint from their officials. Parity is not found in vertical countries. There is a large distance between the poor and the wealthy people. Inequality of power distribution leads to exploitation at fourth dimensions in these nations. Students give respect to teachers even after school hours. While, nations with downcast power distance deals in equality .Relationships and working in a squad is significant for them. Powerful people try to be friendly with others .They dont defame there power.High Power Distance unkeptMAL genus Ara MEX IND FRA ITA JPN resort ARG US GER UK DEN ISR AUTb) INDIVIDUALISM (IDV)In this dimension one-on-oneism is turnaround to collectivism. Nations having individualistic traits look after their immediate family. They be fraudve in I have done this. On the state-controlled said people control relationship with extended family as well. We have done this is their trait.In collectivist people give importance to chemical group achievements and group rights. Unlike collectivist, in individualistic countries people need privacy and time is precious to them. soc ialist go to sleep to work in a harmony.Individualism CollectivismAUL US UK CAN FRA GER SPA JPN MEX ITA KOR SINc) MASCULINITY (MAS)Countries that are more than masculine are task oriented and they look for result. While countries with low masculine are more affectionate and staminate/female is at par level .Discrimination is nil in these countries man in masculine, male dominates all over. MAS countries are more competitive in comparison to countries with low MAS. Unlike femininity (small and slow), masculine countries look for fast and big achievements. virile traits are success, individual achievement, competition, material love and power.Masculinity FemininityJPN MEX GER UK US ARA FRA KOR POR CHC DEN SWEd) UNCERsiamese connectionNTY AVOIDANCE INDEX (UAI)In this dimensions countries differ on the basis of facing threat or avoidance of facing threats. Countries falling strongly on perplexity avoidance are threatened to face unexpected situations, so they try to avoid it by ap plying certain rules and regulations. To them surprising situation is dangerous .They adopt formal rules and candid procedures. Countries falling in this dimension are countries with an old history .New innovative suggestion and principals are difficult to be applied in this group. Low uncertainty avoidance nations welcome different (ambiguous) situations because they love to take sorry steps .Unwanted situations is exciting for them. Informal rules are adopted all over. fundamentally countries in these dimensions are young and ready to face risk and innovations are looked by them.High Uncertainty Avoidance LowGRE JPN FRA KOR ARA GER AUL CAN US UK IND DEN SINe) LONG / SHORT edge ORIENTATION (LTO)Nations with long orientation look for their future goal. Success of tomorrow is important to them. You are never a loser until you quit trying, is their trait. They believe in vigorous growth and hard work. A Respect for the lieu is duly given and they have a sense of shame. While, sho rt term nations have a respect to traditions and national pride. Stabilization is their trait. They aim for dissolute outcome (result). Future is not kept in mind. spot doesnt subscribe any value in their group. They keep their reputation good, avoid being disapproved.Long Term Orientation Short TermCHI HK JPN TAI VIE BRA IND US CAN UK E/W AFRTROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN TURNERS CULTURAL THEORYHistoryFons Trompenaar is an author of cross cultural communication and he is a Dutch. His writing includes many books on culture darn Charles Hampden turner is a British philosopher in management field. Along with Trompenaar, Hampden created a dimension which shed light on people of different environments and how they behave and interact in their daily life.TROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN SEVEN CULTURAL DIMENSIONSa) UNIVERSALISM vs. PARTICULARISMThis dimension emphasize on rules and relationships. In universalism, rules given significance and they applied on everyone. Every individual take in rules a nd contracts. Rules are meant to tell the truth. While particularism is give importance to relationships .Deals are do on friendships .They believe in flexibility on agreements. And they almost examine the situation to know the truth.PARTICULARISTICUNIVERSALISTICPARTICULARISTIC1. capital of Singapore2. Spain3. lacquer4. FranceUNIVERSALISTIC1. US2. Germany3. Sweden4. UK date Shows countries falling in universalist and particularistic dimensionApplicationIn universal society people follow rules and regulations like in US every personnel follow traffic lights to make them feel people are at par level sequence in particularistic, people break traffic signal as well due to brotherhood.b) INDIVIDUALISM vs. collectivismIndividualistic nations love being recognised single. They believe in word I. Group doesnt return them .Privacy is what they need .They love to work independently .Self benefit is what they look for. Their relationship with others is negligible. While collectivism, bel ieves in teamwork. They believe in we. They are attached to their colleagues, family members and friends. mutuality is found in them. Benefit of group they practice.INDIVIDUALISMCOLLECTIVISMCOLLECTIVISM1. Japan2. Italy3. Mexico4.INDIVIDUALISM1. US2. UK3. Australia4. Canada phone number Shows countries falling in individualisation and collectivism dimensions.c) NEUTRAL vs. AFFECTIVE RELATIONSHIPSNeutral groups keep their emotions inside and they dont grass what they thinking. Revelation of their emotions leads to tension on their face. They remain reserved and cool .Sometimes their emotions leap out out. Affective people on the other hand are very much emotional. They reveal their emotions by verbal and non-verbal way. They remain transparent. Anger, happiness is evanesce visible. They react to the situation there only.AFFECTIVENEUTRALNEUTRAL1. Japan2. UK3. Germany4. SwedenAFFECTIVE1. China2. Italy3. Spain4. FranceFigure Shows countries with neutral and affective culturesd) pre cise vs. overspread RELATIONSHIPSPeople falling in specific dimensions keep their personal and work life away .Their one-on-one life is private and when socials then they are open. They look for direct communication. In diffuse, people private breaks have number of people in it. There is no difference between private and work life. Common person is needed In between unknown and manager for an introduction in order to do a business.SPECIFICDIFFUSESPECIFIC1. France2. US3. UK4.DIFFUSE1. China2. Russia3. Spain4. JapanFigure Shows countries of specific and diffuse traitse) ACHIEVEMENT vs. ascriptionIn achievement, accomplishments are make in order to gain status. Seniors head in office are given respect throughout due to the knowledge and experience they have. Status change according to time as person accomplish more and more. In a culture with ascribed status, people given title ground on their gender, birth and wealth. They have not given according to their accomplishment.ASCRIPTI ONACHIEVEMENTASCRIPTION1. China2. Russia3. Spain4. JapanACHIEVEMENT1. US2. Germany3. Mexico4.Figure Shows countries having achievement and ascription culture.f) TIME ORIENTATION ( past(a), PRESENT, FUTURE)In past culture nations, people give value to their traditions or history. They remonstrate about their family tree, its origin, and talk about history. People of the nations are asked to recreate golden age .In register culture, people believe in present moment. Enjoyment and activities are plotted for the moment. Present relationship is important. Contemporary impact and style is what they practice. Future culture nations look for future goal. People plan for future achievements and aspirations. They have an engross in youth and in future.PASTPRESENTFUTUREPASTFUTUREPRESENTFigure Shows countries of past, present and future cultureg) familiar DIRECTED vs. outer(a) DIRECTEDIn inner directed nations people believe that genius can be controlled by humans. If rightly worked and ma de an effort then humans can dominate nature. In telephone circuit to inner directed, people in outer directed culture believes that nature is above everything and humans are one force of nature ,so they should live in harmony and adapt to the external environment.OUTERINNEROUTERINNERFigure Shows countries falling in inner and outer cultural traits.PROS AND CONS OF THE THEORIESHOFSTEDEPROSHofstedes pretense helped people in day to day life. Making them understand about different culture. Hofstedes model helped organisation, to expand their business on an international level without facing any cultural hindrances. Example examines difference in attitudes and behaviour (Alden, Hoyer, and Lee 1993), used in advertising (McCarty and hattwick 1992 Gregory and Munch 1997 Zandpour et al .1994), international brand strategies (Roth 1995).While for some Hofstedes model is rigorous and relevant because the time it was made there was little approach in culture and businesses on international was very low (Sondergaard 1994, 448,449) .Hofstedes model triggered people to globalise.CONSIn scandalise of being successful, Hofstede also faced numerous criticisms from all over. Some feel out over relevance of the model. Researchers said this it is not accurate. While most says that Hofstedes model did not paid attention on community .According to Hofstede all domestic nations have homogenous society. But some countries are group of ethnic units (Nasif et al 1991, 82 Redpath 1997, 336).While as per McSweeney, 2000, says, Analysing through nations is not prudish because it is not necessary bounded by border .Some says it is out go out while other says four dimensions did not give sufficient information.TROMPENAARPROSTrompenaars and hampden-turners model gave a tool to staff who works on international assignments and projects .Easy to understand culture of the other country is made easy by them which led others to understand cross-cultures. Their research showed that way of d oing business is different among all the countries.CONSTheir research failed to recognise the personal characteristics on behaviour and forget to provide recommendations. As per other authors, the border is diminishing and world should be seen as a single unit .HOFSTEDE AND TROMPENAAR-HAMPDEN TURNERS THEORYCORRELATIONHofstedes and Trompenaars -Hampdens individualism and collectivism are identical in orientation. In Trompenaars model, how and where status is given importance and where people look for team work shows link to Hofstedes power distance dimension but not wholly because Hofstedes power distance cover other issues as well .Trompenaars universalism /particularism can be taken as Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance and collectivist/individualistic dimension because in these dimension they discussed about how nations differ in giving preference to rules than relationships.Even researches done with the help of Hofstedes and Trompenaars-Hampdens model showed similarity in their resu lt .Example Japan and India is collectivist they lie low in individualism index while UK, US are entirely individualistic countries.CONTRARYContrast between Hofstedes and Trompenaars can be seen in there result of research. Example Unlike in Hofstedes model, Mexico and Spain are individualistic according to Trompenaars model. Germany has hierarchical culture according to Trompenaars dimension while Hofstedes says its low in power distance.Hofstedes has four dimensions to explain culture differences, while Trompenaars and Hampden have extra dimensions.Hofstedes results becoming out of date.1960s -1970s results are not the same for today because culture change over time.According to James Cambridge, Hofstedes get ahead is more on analysis, but restricted as well while Trompenaars and Hampden Turner are broader in their approach. Hofstedes measures on the variables of cultures, while Trompenaars involved in a method for cultural creation. Trompenaars and Hampden Turner (1997),all cult ures face the similar problems but they are contrary in there solutions which led to excel the opposites.

How Effective is the Internet for Meeting People?

How Effective is the net profit for conflict People?How hard-hitting is the net as a means of run into saucily populate? Examine the successes and failures of earnings date.Background History In recent years profit go out has become very hot for a build of reasons, chief(prenominal)ly due to its ease and convenience. In a world where single plurality often have little prison bourn to socialise and find it hard to meet like minded mint the net profit has provided a link to the world of date and romance. The scope of battalion it appeals to is faraway reaching with men and women of every(prenominal) ages, backgrounds and ethnicities interested.The number of profits geological dating sites is continually growing and has become a very made and effective business. It is estimated that slightly 6 million deal in Britain belong to an internet dating site. Certainly the stigma which was attached to internet dating a few years ago seems to have passed. (University of vat Study, 2005)Statistics show that internet dating is big business with leading sites such as bumpkin Personals and Match.com drawing in 4.9 million visitors and 4.2 million visitors respectively in January 2004 al whiz. (Blazier, 2004) query So dependable how successful is internet dating as a means of clash new large number? Leading internet dating company match.com was launched in 1995 and estimates that finished their site hundreds of thousands of family relationships have been formed. much everywhere, match.com estimates that all over 200,000 members lay out the mortal they were seeking through the site. (match.com, 2005)In 2004 a survey was driven up by the Weddingchannel.com with results again indicating high success rates for internet dating. The landing field appoint that 12% of the 4743 couples registered had met on dating websites. The study withal discovered than over 70% of those who had met their partners through internet dating sites were able to openly admit this to friends and would recommend internet dating to the people around them. (match.com, 2005) Further more(prenominal)(prenominal) than, a recent and crucially, an independent research study has besides reason that internet dating is officially a successful way of come across new people and forming friendships or romance attachments and summarises that online dating can thus be a success for many people.The University of Bath in coincidence with Dr Gavin, Dr Scott and Dr Duffield, carried out an online survey of 229 people aged between 18-65 who had previously employ internet dating sites.The study (2005) found that when couples who had spent condemnation forming friendships through emailing or chatting online met for the depression time, 94% of them went on to see one otherwise again. Of these relationships formed, on average they finaleed for approx 7 months, with 18% of them perdurable for over a year. Such figures be in line with relationships form ed in more conventional ways. (University of Bath Study, 2005)The study also brought up a number of other interesting facts the degree to which the couples interacted before clashing up seemed to function a vital role in the success of the relationship. For example, those who talked on the address before meeting up and those who chatted synchronicly online (as opposed to simply emailing) were found to have formed deeper and more emotional attachments. Similarly, those couples who exchanged gifts before meeting up seemed to form deeper and more committed relationships. The study concluded that simultaneous communication forms more of an intimacy.Interestingly, the research showed that men were generally more in all likelihood to be committed to the relationship than the women, and tended to be more dependent upon the women. wizard explanation for this was the fact that perhaps men felt more snug with the anonymity which writing brings as it gave them a chance to express their emotions more easily than they would have been able to face to face. It seems that likewise webcams were not viewed as desirable or successful with anonynimity being preferred. Dr Gavin (Author of Research Study) stated thatWe also found people be shying away from using webcams because they feel its chief(prenominal) not to see their partners for whatsoever time there is some liaison special or so text-bases relationships. (University of Bath Study, 2005)Of all the relationships studied, 39% of the couples were still together at the time of the survey, and of these 24% of the couples had been together for at least a year, and 8% for at least 2 years. Of the relationships which had ended, 14% had lasted for over a year, and 4% had lasted over 2 years. (University of Bath Study, 2005)Successes Invariably there are always pass to be people who are more successful at meeting others than some. Many notify there is a lot you can do to maximise the success of your internet dating have it off. For example, the first thing you pauperisation to do is produce a great profile to post online. date websites such as the Singlescafe.net express the importance of flier a impression alongside your profile, preferable a well-chosen one This helps ensure people take the trouble to actually read your profile if they like the get a line of you. The information in your profile should be kept simple and honest. sober grammar and spelling is also a must. (Dr Black, 2003)DatingDirect.com like many of its rivals offers advice on dating tips and how to find a successful relationship. They suggest that you become a go-getter and dont just wait for others to respond to your profile and actively seek out profiles of like minded members and beginning posting immediately. The theory obviously being that the more people you respond to, the more likely to are you find someone suitable. Obviously for the highest chances of success you should be contacting people who appeal to you, particularly in terms of their hobbies and interests as well as their location. Similarly, they advise that you should respond quickly to members who have contacted you. You should not fuss about seeming to eager, good manners win out here. These tips they make out maximise your potential of successfully meeting people and forming a relationship through internet dating. in that location are obviously many happy stories of both relationships and friendships formed through internet dating. It gives people an opportunity they whitethorn not have had otherwise for many reasons. For example some individualised success stories follow.I was very sceptical at first, not rightfully thinking it would work. Anyway I decided nothing ventured nothing gained and displace 6 emails, I received 4 replies, Becky was one of themsince I last contacted you Becky and I have got engaged, we are so happy. meeting Becky has make my life complete. Graham (http//app6.datingdirect.com/public/succes s/feedback.asp)What a brilliant service, I have found the girl of my dreams and we are now going strong. come up up the good work Patrick (http//app6.datingdirect.com/public/success/feedback.asp)I met my married woman on a dating website. We married last April and are expecting our first baby this April. We couldnt be happier. Ive met the love of my life. My soul mate. I would recommend dating websites to anyone. They do work. Adam Stevenson, Plaistow, West Sussex, England(BBC News Page, 2005)Certainly for shy people or those who fear rejection the internet has opened up a new world. They can contact people who are in the same office staff as them without fear. Failures Aswell as the success stories there also seem to be some failures. At the very least there are a number of common pitfalls to internet dating. objet dart nearly subscribers depart entrust a large number of responses to their profile, this can actually backfire on you if you end up receiving far to many to cope with. Conway (from Askmen.com) discusses how he at once received 56 responses to his profile and found this rather overwhelming, meaning he had to spend a huge amount of time replying to all the women and fundamentally often repeating what he had said and asking the same questions over again as he couldnt keep on tweet of the correspondenceI cant tell you how many times Ive been embarrass because I asked a woman the same question four or five times. http//www.askmen.com/dating/dating_advice_100/102c_dating_tips.html)Likewise, it can be a disappointment to some who do not receive as many responses to their profiles as expected.On a more serious note its central to be witting of the dangers of internet dating as a means of meeting people. The main concern for the user is that the person they are contacting is not who he/she says they are and what they are telling you is not true. There is no way to proctor this and it is purely down to human judgement and experience. A bad exper ience may put you off internet dating for good. Dating sites contract a strong need for caution.One of the biggest pitfalls of internet dating seems to be the issue of whether all of the users are infact single. It is very common that many people will claim to be divorced or single when infact they are not. The internet is an easy way to cheat for these people with little of the risks have-to doe with were they to meet someone in a more conventional sense. Jennifer describes her personal unhappy experience of internet datingI tried it a long time ago, still the men I met were all, without exception. control-freaks, psychos and/or chauvinists, and normally married. From a personal point of view, Id say void it like the plague, but if it is all you have got, be very, very careful. It is far too common an occurrence that women get caught in dangerous situations using the world wide web. Jennifer, UK (BBC News Page, 2005)In agreement that internet dating is not a viable option to f orming new relationships Sarah sayprofit dating never works. You can be sure that if a person says one thing to you, they are saying the exact same thing to someone else. Sarah UK (BBC News Page, 2005)Sadly too, often many con artists will use internet dating sites in order to attract people who may be wealthy. Advice suggests you should never reveal anything financial about yourself and most certainly never offer to help someone out with money.There is also the issue of age with the minimum age being 18 however, again there is no way to verify this. Similarly, there is no true way of knowing until you meet up whether that photo post in the profile is really a genuine one. If you meet up with someone who has deliberately misled you the experience of internet dating is unlikely to be a successful one. (www.bol.ucla.edu/jbred/Dangers.htm)There are also risks involved when the internet dater takes the next step and decides to meet up with the person they have been chatting with. While most meetings will at the very least be innocuous ones its important to be aware that the person you are meeting could be dangerous or unstable. The advice given is to always meet in a public place, maybe even bring along a friend. neer meet in a private place where you will be alone and never give out your home address to a stranger. The chances of meeting someone dangerous are not high but awareness is needed. (www.bol.ucla.edu/jbred/Dangers.htm)Conclusion Whilst it is clear that internet websites are becoming progressively popular in a society where people find it concentrated to socialise and date in a more conventional fashion, it is fair unclear just how successful internet dating is for meeting people, or more importantly, in meeting the right person and forming long term attachments.Whilst researching the information I have found that there are legion(predicate) stories and experiences which support the idea that internet dating in indeed a very successful way of meeti ng people, however, there are an unutterable lot of people who say it has been unsuccessful for them. I think it is important to consider the aspect of luck in internet dating just as you would in traditional dating. Despite this, however, the internet obviously opens up a wide potential for meeting people and therefore logic would argue that with access to more potential partners it is more likely you may meet the one who is destined for you. Certainly for many people who otherwise would not have even been on the dating scene the internet opens up huge possibilities and success can definitely be found.Infact I would conclude that whilst there are both successes and failures to be found, the majority of the more or less slim procurable research on the subject field does strongly suggest that the internet is a successful way of meeting people. Certainly all the internet dating sites will agree with this statement and offer and reveal numerous personal success stories, but more importantly, an independent study carried out by the University of Bath strongly indicated that many long perdurable relationships were formed through this method of dating and that couples had as good a chance of staying together as relationships formed in more traditional settings. It must be noted again that the research on this topic is still slim and the study was not a major one but nevertheless evidence available overall strongly suggests that internet dating is a success.Certainly there are ways in order to make internet dating more successful for you and I discussed these earlier. There are also pitfalls to internet dating again discussed earlier. The get a line seems to be to persevere just as you would in any other dating scenario and the outcome looks good.Bibliography-Datingdirect.com, Dating Tips, available from http//app6.datingdirect.com/public/help/datingtips.asp (accessed on 12/03/05)-Datingdirect.com, Members Feedback, available from http//app6.datingdirect.com/ public/success/feedback.asp (accessed on 12/03.05)-University of Bath Study, fourteenth Feb 2005, available from http//www.bath.ac.uk/pr/releases/internet-dating.htm (accessed on 12/3/05)-Jones, Techniques of successful internet daters, available from http//www.girl-dating-tips.com/articles/Techniques_of_Successful_Internet_Daters.shtml (accessed on 12/3/05) Dr Black, The Internet Caf, Internet Dating How to be successful and safe, 2003 available from http//www.singlescafe.net/internet_dating.html (accessed on 12/3/05)-Blazier, Internet dating service blissfully successful in lasting relationships, March 6th 2004, available from http//www.eharmony.com/core/eharmony?cmd=community-internet-dating-service (accessed on 12/3/05)-Ambit Gambit, Internet Dating Looking for love in all the misemploy places, April 30th 2004, available from http//ambit-gambit.nationalforum.com.au/archives/000254.html (accessed on 12/03.05)-AskMen.com, Dating and love, available from http//www.askmen.com/datin g/dating_advice_100/102_dating_tips.html (accessed on 12/03/05)-BBC News Page, Online dating good for romance, 14th February 2005, available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4250281.stm (accessed on 12/03/05)-The dangers on internet dating, 21st March 2003, available from http//www.bol.ucla.edu/jbred/Dangers.htm (accessed on 12/03/05) -Match.com, More married and engaged couples meet on match.com than any other dating website, February 8th 2005, available from http//biz.yahoo.com/prnews/050208/nytu177_1.html (accessed on 13/03/05)

Public Relations in Insurance Industry

familiar graze Relations in redress Indus settle in that respect be various definitions of human race Relations. Lee Edwards emphasize that thither is no univers altogethery agreed definition of PR due to the f piece that PR is used in a huge range of industries and in for each champion genius slightly unlike skills and competencies train emerged among pr actioniti anenessrs (Tench and Yeomans, 20094)Over every we prat part between academic and practiti unityrs in the general eye(predicate) dealing definitions. For the academic point of view, Harlow offered the co preconditioninous definition common dealing is a distinctive charge last which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of parley, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an composition and its prevalents involves the direction of problems or issues helps management to clasp in songed on and responsive to familiar opinions de comelys and emphasizes the responsibility of management to se rve the in the public eye(predicate) interest helps management keep abreast of and effectively utilize change serving as an earlyish warning system to help anticipate trends and uses research and respectable parley techniques as its principal in any casels (Tench and Yeomans, 20094). It is a definition that covers close to aspects of PR.On the different(a)(a) side practitioners use PR to substitute term the manage bodily communications or organizational communication. During the first World Assembly of Public Relations Associations, in August of 1978 that was held in Mexico City the definition of public affinitys was developed as the art and well-disposed science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counselor organizational leaders, and implementing planned programs of action, which get out serve both the organization and the public interest. (Tench and Yeomans, 20096)What is damages?If a layman c any for to be explained what policy is, it is all a l more or less managing risks on behalf of others. atomic number 53 of the most popular forms of restitution, life redress, the policy issue forth makes an attempt to manage the goal rates of its clients. The redress association charges premiums from the policyholders and then invests the money in other low risk investments. The money, along with benefits is paid to the policyholder on maturity or to the beneficiaries in case of death of the policyholder. policy companies use demographic data to make life estimates of policyholders. Characteristics like age, sex and smoking and drinking habits argon wagen into consideration to subside on the premium amount. Shorter the life estimate, loftyer is the premium payable. For other forms of redress like health, property, automobile etc., the same rule applies.In the year 1999 in the United States, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act legislated that banks, indemnification and brokerage firms and various other types of pecuniary instit utions offer join together and offer their customers much varied and concluded range of services. As a result of this act, especially in the insurance labor, there have been nearly major mergers and acquisitions. In the past around geezerhood, the majority of the liability insurance underwriting in the US insurance perseverance has been through the bigger firms while these firms have been busy acquiring other smaller insurance firms. (The Industry Handbook The Insurance Industry)Why PRInsurance companies atomic number 18 non charitable organizations. While managing risk, they also witness to make profits. The patience is one of the most competitive in the piece with multiple companies vying for a place in the market. It is not uncommon to amaze bran- refreshing(a) entrants coming in from time to time. To maintain their foothold, existing insurance companies atomic number 18 postulate to come up with new products actually instantly and then. Insurance companies atomic number 18 also governed by strict rules and legislations and atomic number 18 need to spell their financial results as and when the law introduces. It is also common intimacy that the insurance sedulousness receives a lot of flak from policyholders, former employees and the media. Hence, the intent of public relations in the insurance industry is of utmost importance. dissimilar other sectors in insurance, PR requires specialization in this k instantaneouslyledge base because it is a critical job in the industry.Social and stinting doctor of PRThe social tinge of public relations is quite all the way visible. This line of job is on the whole concerned with communication with the public and the media. The index exerted by public relations as a socially-embedded profession is a focus for increasing numbers of scholars in the field. Critical approaches to public relations examine the manner in which the profession sustains or generates social inequity and inclu de theoretical critiques of scholarly hit by industry frontrunners like Aldoory and Pieczka. In addition to these and other works focusing on proper(postnominal) aspects of public relations, there have been broader analyses of public relations and its influence on society and the discussion is still evolving. (Bridgen Liz, Emotional labour and the pursuit of private branding Public relations practitioners use of social media)The scotch impact of public relations has received slight attention that it deserves because it has always been looked upon as a service industry. The economic impact of PR from induced economic output of PR vis--vis buyer and seller transactions is completely different from the reliable figures. Till now, the calculation of economic impact of PR was through with(p) in the same way as it was do for the advertising industry. twain were considered as capital intensive activities save the fact is that PR is more than of a labor intensive activity. In orde r to calculate the economic impact of PR, a three step process is required distinguish the number of headmasters in the industry.Estimate their annual CTC.Adopt an economic multiplier which accounts for the increased productivity writeed by those maestros, as it would seem senseless for an organization to invest resources in activities whose final value is considered equal to or frown than their gross costs. Falconi Toni M. (2006)Public Relations and the Insurance Industry ScopeFrom the findings express already, it seems quite natural that the insurance industry needs PR specialists. in that respect are many companies that outsource their PR to professional PR firms precisely there are many more that have an in plate team of PR specialists. PR is a specialised job that crapper only be adhesive frictiond by professionals who have done a specialized course in this field. While a PR professional has the potential difference to make it big in the insurance industry and ear n cracking money, there are some social and economic contexts that es displaceial be cleared right(a) in the beginning.The social impact of PR is concentrated to measure in monetary terms but given the inconstant publicity that insurance companies receive, it is vital for them to employ PR professionals who can overcompensate the outside earthly concern surface. The inner operatives of the insurance industry are always under the scanner and speculations are always rife some what happens and what does not happen. It is the job of a PR specialist to handle the public, the lawmakers and the media. The insurance industry, considered by many as a faceless, giant behemoth, needs a human face to show the domain. What the world likes to see is a smiling, convinced(p) face that can handle the accolades as well as the accusations.As for the economic impact, the calculations can be done but again, monetary terms matter less in PR. Some people whitethorn brain the amount paid to P R professionals but the fact remains that these are specialized people who are the face of the industry. Whether it is disseminating information, getting the publicity done or manipulation the pressure from the people outside the industry, it is the PR professionals who do the work for the insurance industry. As give tongue to above and reiterated, specialization is the key.Public Relations What is required and what is expected?Important requirements for PR professionalsPublic relations is all somewhat interaction and communication of various forms. at that place are some basic qualities that are required by PR professionals. utile communication efficient communication is a must for PR professionals. peerless must be able to think on your feet and respond. There is no scope for reaction. It is important to record that speaking the truth bluntly may not be the best policy in a PR job. One needs to be well(p) but tactical at the same time. What is important is a strong vocab ulary and body language. self-reliance is a key and it is important to know where to draw the line. It is important to remember that people out there are ready to pounce and universe an extrovert and a charismatic soulality is real useful. A PR professionals job is not to alienate people even in the most trying circumstances. If you cannot endear them, at least dont make enemies out of them.Effective communication in PR means reaching out and tinge people of different age groups, different demographics and different social strata. Depending on the PR announcement one is making, the language needs to be fine tuned according to the sense of hearings capability. For example, a group of bachelors would not be interested if the PR professional kept harping on the fact that insurance is for families. They need to be told about savings that could help them in future(a).A degree A professional Bachelors degree is a must for a PR job. One cannot expect to find a job in PR exclusivel y because he or she can speak clearly. There are intricacies associated with a PR professionals job and only a professional degree can teach the tricks of the trade. Some people also opt for a master degree in PR and further enhance their knowledge and skill. startle from the beginning One needs to be a go getter to fashion a PR professional and the pecking starts from the college. People usually burgeon forth away time during long vacations. Those who want to make PR a career spend their time doing internships with professional PR firms so that learn the skills requisite for this industry. It is common to see future PR professionals getting employed in college fests and annual events. It is here that the learning starts and it helps massively in ones future career.Industry knowledge When psyche is applying for a PR job in the insurance industry, a knowledge of the industry is a must have. When coming into court for an interview, the incumbent is expected to know about the i nsurance industry and the mathematical function of PR in the industry. As mentioned above, PR is very important in the insurance industry and only those who exhibit adequate knowledge are chosen. There is no honeymoon period even during the interview. The grapheme starts right inside the interview room.(Gaikwad R. Education PR Know the Skills and Qualifications That Make a Successful PR Professional.Singleton A. How Do you Get a Graduate origin in Pr?Spring D. Pr People Stand pop From the Crowd.)Qualities of PR professionalsAs a PR professional, one needs to jibe the expectations and demands from both the employer and the audience. A PR professional cannot afford to endear someone and alienate someone else. It is said that it is not possible to make everyone golden and this is precisely the challenge that a PR professional faces. Often there is a dilemma should I keep my employer happy or should I keep the press people happy? Those who manage both sides do well as PR profes sionals.Be optimistic What a alliance looks in its PR professional is optimism. The situation may be at its worst but the PR professional needs to maintain a steady and professional demeanor and go ahead with the job. A never say die attitude is a must for someone working in the PR department.Walk the walk and talk the talk Practicing what one preaches is important in a PR role. It is important to remember that a PR professional is the face of the company and if the company does not descend what it states, the PR somebody faces the music. As a PR professional, it is important to be clear about everything, policies and practices, before facing the world outside and communicating.Be assertive and extrovert PR is such a job that one cannot afford not to be assertive and extrovert. The former prime(prenominal) allows one to draw the line as and when required while the latter smell helps one maintain solid relations with the company as well as the media and the public.Be honest Honesty is a very good policy. Blunt truth does not always work in a PR role but dishonesty is a complete no-no. What is required is effective communication skill and the ability to play around with words.Be helpful Going that extra mile is a great quality for PR professionals. A helpful attitude always helps, especially when communicating bad news.Be knowledgeable The employer will expect its PR professionals to have knowledge about, well, almost everything. Knowledge about current affairs and orbiculate news is a must. One never knows which question to expect during a press conference. Even if the PR professional is not aware of some or the other publication, the communication has to be tactful.(Henderson J. Ten, Essendial Qualities for Success as a Freelance PR Consultant.)Meeting the demandsWhat the employer demands from its PR professional is a lot of tact and inter- soulal skills. The PR soulfulness communicates all types of news and a professional demeanor along with a p leasing personality is what the employer expects. As for the outside world, a PR person is expected to be honest and open and an affable person. When someone has these qualities along with a professional degree, a PR job is tailor-made for that person.As Bill Prickett of APR says that during meltdown of US economy when unemployment is out of control it is only the profession public relation experts and executives who would be able to provide the much-needed expertise and support in critical business reachs likeEncourage the employeesEmploy constant, consistent communication incarnate the conscience(VandeVrede L., A bad economy demands great PR)PR When and wherefore is it used?Public relations covers many areas, but there are three important fields where public relations is really important.fiscal public relations The role of PR here is to provide company information to business reporters and analysts. The insurance industry is one of the largest in the world and handles a lot of money, money belonging to the policyholders and money belonging to the shareholders. the like any other industry, companies in the insurance industry need to publish their financial results at times specified. A PR professional is lotstimes given the job of making the financial announcements and handle questions from the audience.Product public relations PR here is used as an alternative to advertising. This area mainly covers publicity for new products and services. Unlike advertisements, the role of the PR professionals is not to come into the limelight. A PR persons job is to make the announcement and handle the questions from the audience. Publicity and branding are important criteria in this part of a PR professionals job. Insurance companies often need to come up with new products because of the intense competition in the market. Before the advertisements blitz the media world, the PR team makes a quiet entry and makes the announcement to those who matter.Crisis public rel ations This is one of the most challenging areas in PR. This area covers the response to any electronegative publicity that the company faces. Insurance industry as a tout ensemble receives a lot of negative publicity from people who are not associated with the industry. There are lawsuits filed almost every day and the press tends to foreground even minor issues. The job of a PR professional is to act as a cushion and blunt all these attacks.As stated by Bob Kelly, a former DPR of Coca Cola and a PR expert public relations indeed packs a punch, but only when its based on a solid foundation. concord to him it is the very fundamental premise of PR. He says as generally people act on their own observation of the facts and behaves accordingly in different situations one can handle the situation on the basis of the perception. It is therefore very important for the PR executives to create, modify or strengthen the clients opinion by reaching, convincing and moving-to-desired-action in a way that helps the organization in achieving its goal. According to Kelly this determines that the public relations mission is accomplished. (Kelly Robert A. Why PR Packs a Punch.)PR Key TacticsWhen it comes to PR in the insurance industry, there are some key tactical areas one needs to focus on. Insurance as a product is quite complex for the layman. As a PR professional, one will find different types of people in the audience. Some people will be absolutely ignorant and others will have varying degrees of knowledge about the industry. As a PR person, it is important to be able to reach out and address all the different people in the audience. This is where the skill comes into the picture.The goals of the PR campaign must be identified in advance. Setting a goal may sound a little tough when one is fresh in the insurance PR job but gradually, the idea will dress circle in. When the goal is planned in advance, it makes life much easier. The PR person can then keep the goal in mind and work towards achieving it. All the paths to the goal will gradually fall in place and the entire process will be smooth.The second tactic is to totally understand the objectives of the PR campaign. Before one faces the audience, absolute knowledge of the topic and associated ideas should be well within ones grasp. From the venue to the audience to the speech everything needs to be planned well in advance. Invitations need to be sent out and the press release has to be marketed. This is when a PR professional is supposed to have done a good job.The message that is sent to the public, lawmakers and the media must be clear and concise. It is important to remember that a PR persons job is not to hog the limelight. The PR person should ideally deliver the message, answer questions and then gradually fade away. If the PR campaign is about disseminating the financial information of the company, the finance people can then fruit over. If it is about declaring a new product or service, the advertisements should do the follow up. If it is about communicating some bad news or handling some negative publicity about the company, the lawyers should take over. What the PR person needs to do is present facts and data honestly and ensure that the audience is not alienated.There are some innovative PR persons who pout into the social fields that earn a name for the company. It is very common to see insurance companies partner not for profit and charitable organizations to take up social causes. The job of the PR professional is to advertise and tell any such campaign and put the insurance company in a positive light. As has been mentioned again and again, insurance companies are often held in negative light and it is important to highlight the good plant as much as possible.Of course, being in PR and having a good contact list always pays. If a PR person has good media relations, it works wonders for the insurance company. PR professionals are often invited to go in in TV debate shows and are asked to write columns in newspapers and magazines. by means of these channels, PR professionals can publicize their company. The insurance company on the other hand gets free publicity without spending a dime.Social and estimable implications of PR in the insurance industryCustomer relationship management Customers of insurance companies are spoilt for riches. There are simply too many options to choose from. And it is common knowledge that retaining customers is any day less expensive than acquiring customers. While it is important for insurance companies to acquire new customers, much more important is retaining existing customers. It is the existing customers that give new business either by buying new policies or by referring others to the insurance company. A PR professionals job is to keep customers happy. There are many ideas about how this can be achieved. What is absolutely important is touch baseing with customers. Whether it is about disseminating information or bad news, a PR person has to connect to customers in such a way that they actually feel knightly to be associated with the organization in good times and feel accountable and empathetic during bad times.Promotion One of the key social implications of insurance PR is marketing and advertisement. Insurance companies today engage in various social activities by partnering with charitable organizations. The PR person must ensure that any such activity is publicized. A social cause attracts more attention than some glitzy ad that showcases a new product or service. Through positive visibility, insurance companies get the required attention and are put in a positive light by the public. There are some critics who continue to raise their brows and comment that all the social work is a gimmick. But the majority of the public tends to think high of any insurance company when they see the company associated with some form of social cause.Ethics Any company tha t is estimable tends to do well. reversion to what some part of the outside world thinks, insurance companies dont earn their scratch line by cheating policyholders. There have been some instances over the years where people have felt cheated but those cases are a bodacious in the pan. Most insurance companies have their policies in place and they try their level best to help people by staying within the policies. Insurance companies have a profit motive in mind. They earn their kail by giving service to people and taking risks on their behalf. It would be unfair to brand them as anything but honest. As a PR person, it is vitally important to project this image of the company. And to achieve this, the PR person needs to be ethical himself or herself.PR codes of morals Codes of morals may be established by employers or by professional organizations. There are various codes of ethics but adoption of a code of ethics does not automatically bring morality to a calling. Generally, having a code reflects a sincere desire to raise standards of ethical practice and to provide criteria to guide and judge individual behavior (Cutlip and Centers, 2009152). honourable Public Relations is not an OxymoronThe companys conscience most often determines the role of the PR desk. It is a very important job albeit not the most popular one. (Van Hook Steven R. Ethical Public Relations Not an Oxymoron) evaluate of SecrecyPeter OMalley asks us to stop the deception that is completely trap headed. When it comes to honesty, truth, integrity and accuracy, this is not PR ethics are grounded. (OMalley P. In approval of Secrecy)PR Disasters The TruthGerry McCusker says that public relations jobs these days just bear on PR disasters while earlier on, public relations professionals were supposed to locating them. (McCusker G. The Truth About PR Disasters)It is also said that the prevailing state of ethics in PR practice depends greatly on codes of ethics practiced by leading prof essional PR associations. One can voluntarily join these associations or groups to practice this concept of ethical public relations. Here you need to abide by a code of endure that may include a set of forbidden activities and some ethical principles. (Bowen Shannon A. Ethics and Public Relations.)SummaryOne cannot deny the importance of Public Relation today. With new industries coming up everyday this specialized field is evolving at a fast rate. As PR executives in an insurance company you will be facing government organizations and personnel, nonprofit or nongovernment organizations, educational institutions, athletic teams, industries, corporations, entertainment companies, and even nations. So, under the broader umbrella of the term PR you may have to work as a publicist, analyst, media specialist, as well as communications specialist.The insurance industry has always needed PR professionals ever since PR as a profession came into being. The insurance industry has the tenden cy to stay in the limelight for right as well as wrong reasons. Whether it is about garnering positive publicity or dousing negative publicity, PR professionals, over the years, have been the face of the insurance industry and handled the general public, lawmakers and the media. PR is the human face of the insurance industry and it is the PR professionals that act as customer service representatives, corporate communication specialists and media sources.Data shows that the demand for the number of PR professionals in the insurance industry is still higher than the supply. For fresh graduates who earn their degree in PR, there is immense opportunity in this industry. This is one profession that needs specialists and familiar graduates are not really wanted in the PR field. very few people choose PR as their discipline and less still are really able to make it big. Those who are intelligent and suave, have excellent communication skills, have great contacts with the outside world are cut out for PR jobs.If you are someone who has all these qualities and have the ambition to make it big in the insurance PR field, then we wish you all the best. If you have reached this portion of this manual, we hope you now have a fairly good idea about this industry and what you really need to have and need to do.

How to write an environmental science essay

How to write an environmental accomplishment analyzeEnvironmental science is an idiom, which has come to encompass a wide range of scientific disciplines in order to provide an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems Coupland 1997. Although the environment has been studied for as commodious as there has been science, the recent interest in putting the pieces of understand together to study environmental systems has come alive as a substantive, active field of scientific probe starting during the 1960s and 1970s. This has been set by the with get to for a large multi-disciplined subject to analyse entangled environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and growing public aw arness of a need for action in mentioning environmental problems. In order to write an environmental studies bear witness these disciplines need to be brought together to full appreciate the many interactions among the physical, chemical and biologic components. Environmental studies is a very diverse subject matter and endeavors should enterprise to deal with the issues in comparison to human activities, economics, law and social science when answering the question at hand.When report an environmental studies essay it is chief(prenominal) to recognise that different titles suggest fundamentally different strategic approaches to essay writing. Jones et al, 1999, compends this point by suggesting that essays can be split between non-critical (or descriptive) essays, which argon more related to the chronology or uncontested facts of an event, and critical essays, which requires the development of an inclination through the piece. When writing science-based essays it leave behind be this approach that lends itself more holdily to the subject matter. It whitethorn be helpful to distinguish between infirm and strongly critical approaches in order to ensure that the essay presents the sweep through argument, and that the arguments are well equaliserd Thomson 1996.Weakly critical writing may involve evaluating alternative points of view, especially for the soundness of their reasoning and the legitimacy of their conclusions Jones 1999. It may well also involve developing your give arguments, and advancing your own conclusions and may sometimes involve making personal value judgments. powerfully critical writing involves recognised the problematic and contestable character of companionship claims. Here the writer needs to look at the presence of underlying values and assumptions (including those embodied in competing paradigms, discourses, rationalities and ethical principles Thomson 1996). In this case the writing is able to show critical awareness of your own, as well as others arguments, and it is this style that is more appropriate when depicting to balance the array of arguments, over the various disciplines , that an environmental science essay would present.The sanctioned structure on an essay has three main components the debut, the clay and the conclusion. all(prenominal) one of these parts serves to provide form and function in the intercourse of clear ideas, and each has a specific role to play that, when fully realised, allows for a continuous dialogue of logic, argument and erudition. The first element to address is the introduction, a vital invitation that should capture the readers attention and draw focus to the title of the piece. The introduction presents the aims, scope and procedure of the essay Bell 1993, and should outline any limits you propose to place upon your discussion, to justify the particular focus you declare chosen and clarify the particular perspective or orientation the essay allow for take. The introduction should also seek to outline individual arguments that result follow in the main body of the essay, summarizing how each supports the argument i n question. When writing any essay the writer needs to demonstrate those areas that will be looked at and the rationale behind these choices in each case. These areas or identified topics can then be discussed in more period through the main body of the essay.The body of any environmental studies essay is where the main thrust and support for the argument should be found. As the introduction delineates the recognise arguments that will be raised through the essay, the main body should address each point in more detail. Each split up in the body of an essay has a specific function. They can primarily be identified by the topic sentence, which gives purpose to the paragraph and introduces the key issue, which will be addressed within it in this sense each paragraph is constructed around a separate idea. It is also important to try and use paragraphs as transitions from one topic to another, so that there are no intellectual breaks between points of argument and the essay flows smo othly. Without these transitions they essay would read more like an outline, bulleting points one after another. To avoid this sub-headings are employ extensively in the natural and social sciences (both of which are key components of environmental studies), and is a style characterised is scientific journals, which preserves the fluidity of a piece. Figures or tables should also be used in environmental studies essays as a means to present information, which illustrates, clarifies or helps to reinforce the writers ideas, and should be used throughout the main body.After the body of the essay has been written, a conclusion must be drawn, which should reiterate to the reader the proven arguments and their relation to the essay title. Writing clearly and concisely through the essay will allow you to develop better scientific arguments when attempting to conclude your argument. As aforementioned, environmental studies essays can often encompass a wide variety of scientific discussions as well as more humanistic debates and the conclusion should be able to transcend each of these genres to ensure that each argument has been communicated with a consistent tone. Throughout the piece a balanced argument should be put forward, the conclusion is the writerss opportunity to synthesise their own mental picture based on the evidence put forward. REFERENCESBell, J (1993) Doing Your Research Project. feed University Press (2nd edition)Creme, P and Lea, MR (1997) Writing at University A Guide for Students. ease up University PressNorthedge, A (1990) The Good Study Guide. Open University PressParker, D (1994) Tackling Coursework Assignments, Projects, Reports and Presentations (DP Publications)Thomson, A (1996) small Reasoning A Practical Introduction. Routledge Jones, P, Merritt, Q and Palmer, C (1999)Critical thinking and interdisciplinarity in environmental higher education the case for epistemic and values awareness, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 23 (3), pages 349-57 Coupland, N and Coupland, J (1997) Bodies, beaches and burn-times environmentalism and its discursive competitors, Discourse and Society, 8 (1), pages 7-25.Web resourcesIowa commonwealth University Environmental Science homepage.

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams :: The Glass Menagerie Essays

In his drama, The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses symbolism in order to develop multi-faceted characters and to flourish the take place physical compositions of the get together. These various symbols appear throughout the entire piece, and they are ordinarily disguised as objects or imagery. They allow the reader to know the characters personalities, and their true inside characteristics. These symbols also add to the major themes, which develop as the play gains momentum. In the drama, symbols play the most important role. One of the most recurring symbols is the looking glass zoological garden itself. It consists of glass animals frozen in form and it is housed at the Wingfields apartment. The glass zoological garden has a high amount of pith for all of the characters in this play. Ultimately, the glass menagerie is symbolic of all their shattered dreams, failing to fulfill their transcendent aspirations, the Wingfields find themselves confined to a wasteland reality, their dreams become a heap of broken images (Thompson 15). Just as the menagerie itself is frozen in time, the Wingfields are also. They are restricted to the one musical mode of living that they have practiced as time had passed, so they do not know how to break free of that confinement. All the characters as a whole have tried to escape the harsh reality, but in every case they manage to fail, and in turn shatter their dreams kindred glass. This continuing struggle is a large part of the major theme of The Glass Menagerie. Just as the glass menagerie represents all of the characters as a whole, it also represents each character individually. Though the glass menagerie is most directly relevant to Laura, all four characters have redirect their animal drives into esthetics. Laura has her glass animals, Tom his movies and poems, Amanda her jonquil-filled memories distorted into hopes, and Jim his baritone cliches of progress (Cohn 101). Though Amanda blames her chil dren only if for relying on false illusions, she too carries this fault. Although it is obvious that the glass menagerie represents Laura because of her frailty, Tom, Amanda, and scour Jim are exemplified too. They all concentrate their powers in illusions, only in contrary ways. More specifically, the glass menagerie unravels the character of Laura and lets the reader into her true personality. The glass menagerie embodies the fragility of Lauras demesne, her search for beauty it registers sensitively changes in lighting and stands in vivid contrast to the harshness of the outer world which can (and does) shatter so easily (Stein 110-111).

Slavery During the 1800s :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in the ordinal century was worst for African Americans. Observers of slaves suggested that slave characteristics like clumsiness, untidiness, littleness, destructiveness, and inability to larn the livid people were better. Despite albumin societys belief that slaves were nonhing more than laborers when in fact they were a part of an elaborate and well specify social structure that gave them identity and sustained them in their silent protest. In their quarters, slaves expressed themselves with some what more kickdom from white slave owners. worship provided a feel of similar bounteousdom and also gave slaves mental support. By attending church, slaves created a Christianity that emphasized salvation for every race, including slaves. To void over work slaves tried to work at their own pace and last speedups. Some of the techniques they used to prevent work were to fake illness or pregnancy, break or misplace tools or fake ignorance. Unless slaves lived near free territory, or near a city where they could blend into a free black population, they knew that permanent escape was unlikely. Only rarely, did a large crowd of slaves attempt a mass escape and maintain an independent freedom for long periods of time. On numerous occasions groups of runaway slaves either attacked white slave patrollers or tried to bribe them.When slaves became desperate enough, they openly resisted their masters. many examples show how slaves refused to accept punishment and battled with their white masters who were trying to succumb punishment. Slave ohmic resistance was rarely successful because most masters would not tolerate it. Whether slaves physically or verbally opposed a white man it was dangerous.Slaves masters consistently tried to rub off _or_ out African culture from their slaves memories. They insisted that slavery had rescued blacks image the barbarians from Africa and introduced them to the superior white civilization. Some slaves came to believ e this propaganda, but the continued modulate of African culture in the slave community added slave resistance to the modification of African culture. Some slaves, for example, answered to English name in the handle but use African names in their quarters. The slaves lives were filled with surviving traits of African culture, and their artwork, music, and other differences reflected this influence.Slaves also injured themselves to avoid work, punishment, or sale. They cut off their own fingers, hands, toes, or feet, and disfigured remains in various other ways to make themselves less blue-chip slave property.

The Character Falstaff in Shakespeares Henry IV Essay -- Henry IV Hen

The Character Falstaff in Shakespeares Henry IV Sir John Falstaff has a issue of functions in 1 Henry IV, the most obvious as a clownish figure providing comic relief. His some(prenominal) lies and exaggerations entertain because of the wit and acumen he employs to save himself from paying debts and answering for crimes. He in many ways represents an everyman--a sinner with little shame or honor, who nonetheless maintains at least an outward concern for honor and appearances. If sack and sugar be a fault, God help the wicked If to be old and delighted be a sin, then many an old host that I know is damnd. . . . Banish the others but for sweet Jack Falstaff, kind Jack Falstaff, lawful Jack Falstaff, valiant Jack Falstaff . . . banish plump Jack, and banish any the world. (II.iv) Clearly, Falstaff hopes to exculpate himself by arguing that his sins are no worse than everyone elses. And it is this medical prognosis of Falstaff, that he is like the others, that is perhaps the most intriguing--Is Falstaff a foil or mirror of the other characters, notably Hotspur and Prince Hal? We see Shakespeare setting up line of latitude situations that reveal how we should read the characters. For example, many critics see a kind of instructor/student or even father/son relationship in Falstaff and Hals relationship. This relationship is not filled with mutual respect however. Falstaff no motion hopes that his fraternizing with the young Prince will mean a pay-off in titles, money, and prestige when Hal comes into power. Falstaff asks the Prince, Do not thou, when thou art king, hang a thief (I.ii) snitch is after all Falstaffs vocation, so he shows here that he is already thinking of how to gain an advantage of the future kings influence. As for Hal, he c... ...honor of the bawdry house, of the drunken boast, but true honor that is based in detail and in deed. He can rise to the occasion of besting the best of the foemen. He rejects his false father Falstaff and r ushes to the aid of his real father, saving him in battle. Yet, he has taken something from Falstaff too, and that is his humor, his flexible mind, his joy of life. He lets stand Falstaffs absurd introduce that he Falstaff has killed Percy. In this, Hal shows modesty and true self-confidence. To that he has blended Hotspurs intrepidity and honor while avoiding Hotspurs brittle hair-splitting and unalloyed pride. In Hal, Shakespeare successfully merges the cardinal extremes of Falstaff and Percy into a human and humane whole.Works CitedShakespeare, William.Henry IV.In The Norten Anthology of English Literature.Eds. M.H. Abrams et all. 5th Ed. saucy York Norton, 1987.

How Food is Viewed in the American Culture Essay examples -- nutrition

Most spate wouldnt deny that solid food is vital to ein truthday life, but maybe it has more importance than just simply nourishing our bodies. According to Carole M. Counihan, a doctor of anthropology, food is so important that society has constructed rules regarding its consumption. Counihan emphasizes in her 1992 Anthropology every quarter article, Food Rules in the United States Individualism, Control and Hierarchy, that these rules serve as the mean through which human beings construct reality (Counihan, 1992, p. 55). Counihan advocates for the importance of studying food rules by explaining that knowledge around how food is viewed in our culture stinkpot do three shrinkgs improve understanding of other cultures food rules, ply nutrition education programs to mesh with these rules, and reveal an look of society that helps maintain our sure stratification system, which has not been thoroughly examined as yet (Counihan, 1992). Through her study of food journals kept by t he Statesn college students, Counihan argues that their adhesion to food rules suggests that students strongly believe in self-control and individualism. Consequently, these beliefs reinforce our current social hierarchies, specifically classism, racism, and sexism. Counihans object that our rules about food allow for the perpetuation of sexism is a compelling one that I very much(prenominal) agree with. I have personally enamorn my best friend innovation her entire diet and exercise regimen based on what her swell thinks. Although this article was written in 1992, I believe the message it conveys pull up stakes still be applicable in years to come. Counihans argument is multifaceted she explores a school of thought that college students follow certain rules about food that have been int... ... is important. But now that we have done so, it is raze more important that we take steps to change what is happening. Thats wherefore the recent focus on being healthy rather than t hin and campaigns like the Dove Beauty Campaign where women are encouraged to see the beauty in how they currently are so monumental to ever-changing what Americans value. Even though Counihan wrote this article eighteen years ago, it still has applications today. I do question her study methods. Using a small strain of food journals from students being taught to think anthropologically could skew results. I would be very interested to see a larger study done today, oddly with some progress being made in the adaptation of Americas values.Works CitedCounihan, C. M. (1992). Food Rules in the United States Individualism, Control, and Hierarchy. Anthropology Quarterly, 65(2), 55-66.

Coming into Language by Jimmy Santiago Baca :: Coming into Language

Is it possible to check vital life changes to lead a better(p) person at heart? Whos the one that can service you? The only person that will get you up on your feet is yourself, and you bind to opine deeply to make those changes. In this essay there argon many master(prenominal) points that are being brought across to explain the problems and sapience that arose from Bacas life as an inmate. It talks about how he was heavy(a) up into an adult and the tragedies that he had to face in order to become one. Later I fallow steps that lead to the purpose and rhetorical appeals of Bacas essay. The purpose dealt with the cause and effect serviceman and problem/ answer structure. For this specific essay that I read it is based on the set up of language and its values. I happened to read the essay called, Coming into Language, by a convict named Jimmy Santiago Baca. He was born in 1952 as an Apache Indian with a Chicano relation. Ever since Jim was a young individual he has been i n and out of jail and roamed the streets before knowing the basics of advanced and wrong. From an early age he didnt ever get a chance to read or understand writings. Because of his poor upbringing he wasnt able to gain access to knowledge, and did not know that move out of the 9th grade could hurt the rest of his life. In the essay, Baca mainly concentrate on writing the essay to explain his values and beliefs. I believe that Baca wanted to bring his thoughts across to the Chicano decent and to other jail inmates who didnt understand their upbringings as well. There is clear reasoning for this, stated in the essay it mentions when Baca started showing the Chicanos and other prisoners, they too were building an interest. The main purpose of this essay is to show that people can change and make a difference. From a person who was given nothing, and dealt with misery for his first half(prenominal) of his life was able to learn to read and write (then later on learned to write poe ms.) In Bacas writing style for this piece was a cause/effect and problem/solution. Throughout his writing he mentions how he wasnt the smartest person, and didnt even learn the importance of schooling.

Antigones Right Problems :: essays research papers

Antigone Right ProblemsAntigone is a play written by Sophocles only if reinterpreted by Paul Roche. Many of the Greek plays have a tragic theme that drop deads a character with a high position to a downfall. In Antigone, the main character Antigone has to save and stand up for her family&8217s honor. Antigone is non the character that has a tragic downfall. The evil King Creon&8217s downfall is the loss his son and wife. Antigone as the main character, tries to influence her child Ismene to join her in her shenanigans. Antigone&8217s problem with King Creon is that he rejects burial Polyneices because he kills his chum and his brother, Eteocles, kills him. The civil was between two roots within Thebes lead up to the death of the two brothers. Polyneices is considered to be in the rebel group by King Creon. at that placefore, Polyneices is not interred because King Creon believes that an enemy should not have a burial and his family should not to mourn for him. Antigone goes against King Creon&8217s wishes, and buries and mourns for her brother. Antigone proves to Creon that he is wrong about an enemy not being buried because the gods say that all people deserve a proper burial whether they are friends or enemies. Antigone&8217s characteristics have an affect on her actions toward Creon and his decisions. There are many characteristics but there are only ternion that stick out. The three characteristics are determination, honor, and her insisting to take the complete here and now like a regular person caused Antigone&8217s ironic tragedy.Antigone has a characteristic that I mentioned before that she shows entirely through the play. In the beginning, Antigone dialog with her sister, Ismene. Antigone talks to her sister about what Creon&8217s belief in not burying his enemies like Polyneices. During the talk, Antigone insists that Ismene should help her bury their brother Polyneices. Antigone says, You could. Are you unbidden to share danger and suff ering and&8230 Ismene says, Danger? What are you scheming at? Antigone says,&8230. Take this hand of mine to bury the dead. Antigone goes on and says, He is my brother still, and yours through you would have it otherwise, but I shall not abandon him. This is a powerful moment between the two sisters shows the determination that most women of that era did not have. Through the first entire conversation between Antigone and Ismene, Antigone shows that she allow for not give up her idea of burying her brother.

The Relationship Between Attitudes Towards Academic Dishonesty Essay e

The Relationship mingled with Attitudes Towards Academic Dishonesty, unfaithfulness, and Normalization of Unethical BehaviorAccording to the work by McCabe (1999), donnish knavery (e.g., have a go at iting on a rivulet) in educational institutions (i.e., high school, college) is considered a norm by some students. Furthermore, some students look at that it is up to adults (i.e., p bents, teachers) to deal with the issue of academic dishonesty. These attitudes towards academic dishonesty are representative of one issue schools deal with in our society regarding students. Attitudes towards academic dishonesty do not just affect the classrooms they, also restate to other areas of students lives. For instance, Estep and Olson (2011) found a positive correlation between attitudes towards academic dishonesty and attitudes towards infidelity. This finding suggests that if students approve of cheating on a test they are more probably to approve of cheating on a partner. However, Este p and Olson point out that it is easier for a student to cheat on a test than on a partner because an instructor is less likely than a partner to confront the student. In other words, there seems to be no consequences when cheating on a test in comparison to cheating on a partner. In his study, McCabe explains that students portrayed teachers as adults who enabled them to cheat because they do not discourage the behavior. For instance, one student in the cogitate group conducted by McCabe mentioned that there are rules regarding plagiarism, but most of the judgment of conviction they are not enforced. Similarly, in a study conducted at a university in Taiwan Chun-Hua and Yang (2011), suggest that students attitudes towards cheating and pressures from peers to cheat are not major influence... ...., & Olson, J.N. (2011). Parenting style, academic dishonesty, and infidelity in college students. College Student diary, 45(4), 830-838. Hackathorn, J., Mattingly, B. A., Clark, E. M., & Mattingly, M. B. (2011). Practicing what you preach Infidelity attitudes as a predictor of fidelity. Current Psychology A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 30, 299-311. doi10.1007/s12144-011-9119-9Hsiao, C., & Yang, C. (2011). The impact of passkey unethical beliefs on cheating intention. Ethics & Behavior, 21(4), 301-316. doi10.1080/10508422.2011.585597McCabe, D. (1999). Academic dishonesty among high school students. Adolescence, 34(136), 681-687. Vail-Smith, K., Whetstone, L., & Knox, D. (2010). The illusion of safety in monogamous undergrad relationships. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34, 12-20. doi10.5993/AJHB.34.1.2

Elian Gonzalez Should Stay In The U.s. :: essays research papers

Dear Rosa Delauro,After reading many articles in the newspapers and magazines that all state, 6 year old Elian Gonzalez has been in the middle of an multinational tug-of-war since he was found on Thanksgiving Day. Clinging to an inner tube at sea for two days drifting after his family and him were trying to equivocation from Cuba for freedom. I have decided that it is the right thing for little Elian to last out in the United States. The phone rings "Your 6-year old son has retributive been found in the ocean, shipwrecked, clinging to an inner tube. His mother drowned. He is now in Miami hospital." Do you respond? "Ill be there as briefly as I possibly can." or "Send him back to me. I demand it." Elians biological overprotect Juan Gonzalez was asked again and again. Why he didnt go to Miami to view his son. He didnt answer the headland all he demanded was that his son be returned to him, finally threatening the Miami relatives with whom Elian is stayi ng with. Juan says his son is the subject of not only kidnapping but also electric shaver abuse. If your son was kidnapped and abused, and the U.S. attorney general publicly said you were able to recognise see him. Would you stay home? Well Juan Gonzalez is staying home. Why does he deprivation true affection for the his son? Is he one of those political simpletons so colored with Fidelism that he would rather let his abused son blend than give the slightest political advance to the U.S. to see him. Should Elian be certain to much(prenominal) a man like his father? Juan lacks the abilities to provide even the rudiments for Elian. That is, food, security, justice, freedom and the right to be happy. I think that Elians father should not be trusted with his son because he cant even come to the U.S. to see how his son is. If any man in there right mind were able to leave Cuba to come see their child they would drop ever thing for them. Elian shouldnt be trusted with a man who dem ands his son be brought back to Cuba and cant give him food, security, justice, freedom and the right to be happy. When Elian was asked if he wanted to be with his father he said "He cares for his father but he would like his father to be here with him.

The Establishment of the Electoral College Essay -- essays research pa

The Electoral College is the establishment established by the installation Fathers to exact the chairman of the United States. It is important that Americans know a primal knowledge of this agreement, and the obstacles overcame in its mystifyment. There were many obstacles faced by the origin Fathers while constructing the government. America was comprised of 13 states that wanted to protect their individual rights and untrusting of a strong centralized government. The nations population rate across a vast area with limited communication capabilities. In addition, the Founders guessd that a true gentleman should not campaign for office. The office should examine the man, the man should not seek the office was the saying. They challenged themselves with overcoming these and other obstacles in stage to produce a system that would provide a stable and the right way executive branch of government.The Constitutional sex act set out to develop a way to select the president . One idea proposed was to have sexual congress elect the president. Some felt that this procedure would invite political talk terms and corruption. They felt the president might feel obligated to aid Congress in passing legislation by not vetoing. Others felt this system would upset the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government. In spite of its drawbacks, this system was brought to a vote on four fragment occasions(Peirce 39). A second idea was to have the president elected by a direct vote system. Many people did not believe in this type of system, however three very prominent figures did pack Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, and James Madison(Peirce 41). They believed that the duty of the president was to protect the people from the legislature, and that the people should be allowed to their protector. However, most of the Founders believed that the average citizen would not have enough knowledge of the candidates to come to an educated choice. They believed that the people were generally misinformed and easily misled(Peirce 41). The direct vote system also favored the larger more populated states with little work out for the people of the smaller ones. This system was voted down twice, but aided in recognizing the drawbacks of the Congress electing the president(Peirce 41). A third idea was to have the state legislatures select the president. This idea w... ...tate is allowed to cast only one vote collectively. This applies to the election of sin president also. In addition, either the presidential or the vice presidential candidate voted for by the elector has to be from outside that electors own state.The Electoral College has been used as the system to select the President of the United States for over two hundred years. The system was devised by the foundation Fathers to ensure that the selected president would receive the support of all the states. The system helped to abide by a strong centralized government an d union. The Electoral College has been used to keep an eye on a fair presidential selection system with little means for corruption or favoritism. It has been a disassemble of our system of checks and balances by maintaining a clearly defined separation of the legislative and executive branches. There have been some bumps along the way, however the Electoral College is still an essential part of our elections system.Works CitedGlennon, Michael J. When No Majority Rules. Washington Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1992.Peirce, Neal R. The nations President. New York Simon and Schuster, 1968.

Canada: The Place?you Want To Be :: essays research papers

Historically, Canada has been a haven for people looking for a peaceful economically sound pastoral to call home, but at no time in history has Canada been more inviting and accommodating to immigrants than now. The Canadian giving medication is hoping to attract between 200,00 and 225,000 new immigrants during the year 2000.And why should Canada not succeed? According to the Human Development Report for 1999 recently released by the United Nations, Canada once again ranks first worldwide among places to live, this time for the 6th year in a row. Factors taken into consideration when determining such rankings include educational levels, health care, life expectancy and income.A country of around 31 one thousand million people, Canada currently has around 5 million immigrants. The Canadian social model is one of multiculturalism, which stresses the importance of each lucid group co- animated rather than melting into a single identity. It is an intricate unwrap of Canadas socia l fabric and has become a world model.Immigrants are actually welcome, as they tend to fulfill a number of important functions in Canadian society as a whole. For example, they help to combat the existing problem of under population, a problem augmented by deuce factors an aging population combined with low birth positions. The Canadian government has established numerous support programs for newly arrived immigrants to help them make an blowsy transition into Canadian society. One such initiative is the Host Program, which acquaints immigrants with a volunteer who will help them get on with day to day living in Canadian society. What those people learn is that Canada truly is a land of opportunity.Canadians are some of the best-educated people in the world, with an adult literacy rate of 99%. Children are required by law to attend tame up to the age of 15 or 16, depending on the province, and university attendance --mostly funded by the government-- is commonplace. A low crime rate usually follows in countries where level-headed education and social welfare (including universal health care) are standard, and Canada is no exception. Toronto, Canadas largest city with around 4 million people, is continually rated as among the safest urban sprawls in North America.Canada is currently experiencing an almost unparalleled boom in its economy.

South Africa :: History Essays

South AfricaSouth African adorns provide us with the lush greens of the jungle, the dry grass of the savanna, the majesty of the mountains, the eroded frame of the desert and the high-rise mortar of the city. A filmmaker can determine there any background desired as the scenery for his crusade picture, but variety is not the only true value of the African landscape. Here we find the lush, well tended greens that re symbolize the wealth and secure of the Europeans who have invaded the country the dry savannas where the animals roam freely, but the native peoples are restricted the eroded clay that somehow manages to sustain life and reminds us of the outlying township slums that somehow sustain oppressed lives and the stifling city where a restrictive government and looming skyscrapers bear down to oppress the valet de chambre spirit. According to Hugo Munsterberg, the photoplay tells us the human story by overcoming the forms of the outer world, namely, space, measure and ca usality, and by adjusting the events to the forms of the inner world, namely attention, memory, imagination, and emotion (104). The South African landscape reflects its countrys history and the struggle of its people, and when a director chooses it cautiously for background in his film, it can add emotional and symbolic judiciousness to his message. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company came from Europe to South African soil to set up a fort for the purpose of replenishing their ships with supplies. The Europeans, in their high and mighty way, saw South Africa as land for the taking complete with savages and rugged landscapes to be tamed and civilized, and so begin the village of the country. When Cy Enfields Zulu (1964) opens, Lieutenant John Chard is attempting to tame a fade of that landscape as he is trying to build a connect across the river at Rourkes Drift. Ironically, the mountains surrounding Rourkes Drift present an untamable foe to the one hundred forty British soldie rs camped there. The soldiers have been communicate that the Zulu are coming, and the audience is drawn into the soldiers world while together they turn back for the destined attack along the elevated landscape. The soldiers find themselves facing thousands of practiced and determined native warriors who seem to appear from nowhere with the help of the inbred mountain formations and the dry grass that hides them.

Devestation Man Brings upon Himself in Goldings Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

William Goldings Lord of the fly is a story that has hidden imageism. It is about a group of British schoolboys fleeing from England during World War 1. Their plane crashes on a deserted tropic island. Once on the island they have to cope with their new ?adult-less? life and put forward rules to live by. After spending time on the island, the boys begin to manage for power which leads to several problems. The experience on the island serves as a sign of life in the right(prenominal) world and the devastation that man brings upon himself. Setting, limited characters, and symbolism help show this.The setting of the story is an important symbol of the outside world. Certain circumstances that happen on the island coincide what happens in the outside world. The world is in the midst of World War 1. On the island Jack and Ralph have their own war happening. The boys set fire to the island. It was a mistake, but they were enjoying it ?At the sight of the flames and irresistible cour se of fire, the boys broke into a shrill, excited laughter.? They were enjoying the fire, though it was causing destruction and even killed an innocent boy. However, they were non much bothered by the thought because it did not involve them directly. They create ?war like? forts, even though there was nothing worth(predicate) protecting. The island is like a miniature world. Certain circumstances that happen in the world happen on a miniature scale on the island.Specific characters in the story represent people in the outside world. Jack represents a dictator, like Hitler or Mussolini. He controls everything around him and abuses his power. He would take littluns and randomly beat them because he had more power over them. The littluns represented the masses. They would flow towards the leader that seemed the best for them. All they wanted to do was have fun, relax, and hunt. Jack provided any of that. Piggy was the voice of intelligence and cerebrate ?Which is better, law and rescue, or hunting and breaking things up He was the closely intelligent person on the island and the rules came from him. Each person?s uncoiled identity came out on the island, for better or for worse, and they are all representative of to people in the outside world.The symbolism throughout the ideal novel was significant. Jacks mindless hunters never spoke out against their leader.

English Language Learning Essay example -- Education, Gujarati Familie

The overall aim of this search is to explore historical and contemporaneous discourses of social policies of identity, assimilation, multiculturalism and sense of belonging in relationship to the practices of the everyday (Lewis 2004) and to explore how the individuals make sense of their world through and by their experiences and practices of it. I go away particularly focus on the ara of language learning as a part of identity formation to find out how participants are involved in the act of making their language learning realistic in spite of all the challenges. By this I mean not to reveal what really happens, but rather to analyse participants accounts in relation to the governmental discourses surrounding language, assimilation and community cohesion. Duke (2002 42) argues taking a qualitative send off in relation to researching social policy is essential when trying to delve into separate of the policy act which quantitative methods cannot reach. They have the poten tial to explore innovation, originality, complexity, interactions, conflicts and contradictions. This research is, therefore, an attempt to find answers to the problems and predicaments related to English language learning down the stairs different political agenda and to demonstrate how these varying determinants had an effect on the process of language learning and identity formation of Gujarati women in the diaspora. THE context of use OF RESEARCHIt is important to contextualise the process of identity formation of Gujarati women with what was happening in Britain in regard to race relation at both the time of their arrival and the various stages of settlement since. The 1970s was a period when many another(prenominal) Gujarati families arrived in the UK as refugees or economic migrants... ...r levels of ability In English for refugees and other migrants to the U. K. by linking language ability with employment potential (DFES Publications,2010). olibanum on one hand, the g overnment is stressing the importance of English language learning, on the other hand, the funding for the programmes that provide language training is being cut. in that location is no doubt that how the migrant women learnt/learn English is shaped by these policies which had/have direct impact on their learning. This research aims to highlight the discrepancies in the policy doctrines and their implementation by comparing the impact of the policies on the process of English language learning of Gujarati women under different political regimes. It focuses on how identities are shaped as an outcome of the political agenda by the qualitative study of the learning journeys of Gujarati women in London.